‘All the easy places are taken.’ This axiom of modern missions quickly sums up where remaining missions work needs to be done. There is a reason the unreached and unengaged people groups (UUPGs) still do not have access to the Good News:^[1]

• These people groups who do not know of Jesus are typically in areas where the church is persecuted or are geographically isolated.
• UUPGs are often high in the mountains, in the middle of deserts, hidden in jungles, lost in urban slums, living a nomadic lifestyle, or living on small islands in the middle of vast oceans.

Reaching them will not be easy for a variety of reasons: persecution from governments, hostility from locals, dangerous roads, wars, politics, local crime, terrorism, or extreme weather (just to name a few).

Risk aversion?

Yet, many Christians are risk averse and are not willing to go to these people. It may also be true that other Christians are perhaps foolhardy. It became clear last November when All Nations missionary John Chau was killed while trying to reach the North Sentinelese people that there was widespread disagreement among Christians about his mission:

• Many condemned and a few praised John Chau.
• Few seemed to think critically through the issues involved or ask questions about the details.

This article is not meant to be an analysis of that particular incident but only to highlight the need for thinking about risk.^[2]

What I hope to do in this article is to step back and soberly (albeit partially) answer the following questions: What does the Bible have to say about risk? How can agencies and local churches respond with wisdom but also with obedience to the Great Commission? How do we balance both safety for missionaries and compassion for those without access to the gospel?

It has become clear that not all Christians have the same understanding of missions. Therefore, I wish to make clear three theological beliefs that I hold, which (perhaps) ought to be made explicit here:

1. God in Jesus is worthy of the worship of all nations and will eventually receive worship from all nations.
2. God gives choice. It is a fundamental human right to choose to follow or not follow Jesus. As a corollary, no person or people have the right to decide for another person or people whether or not to follow Jesus. Therefore, it is a fundamental human need to have access to the knowledge of the Good News. Missionaries help provide that choice.
3. God chooses to work through human agents. He could have made other choices, and sometimes he does make other choices. However, his normal plan is to invite his children to go and invite those who do not know the name of Jesus to taste and see his goodness.

Risky business in the New Testament

When Jesus sent out the twelve on a mission trip in Matthew 10, he gave one of his clearest teachings on suffering and persecution. From the beginning, the concepts of sending, going, and suffering were united in Jesus’ actions and teaching. For example:

• Jesus ‘promises’ the apostles that they will suffer and be arrested for his name, be betrayed by their own families, flogged, and battle fear.
• He encourages them to flee and to stand firm, a balance that has been difficult for believers to understand ever since.
• Jesus also makes it clear that if believers love their families more than him, refuse to take up a cross, or try to cling to their life, this is not walking in the way (vv. 37-39).

There are many places in the New Testament where the disciples and churches embraced risk. The basic apostolic example for this seems to be when Peter and the apostles directly disobey the governing authority of their day (Acts 5:28-29):

• Although previously angels had released the apostles from prison, in this case no angels rescued them. As a result of their arrest, the local authorities flogged the apostles.
• Peter had watched Annas and Caiaphas arrest and execute Jesus (through manipulation of Roman authorities); so, the apostles knew the risk of their disobedience.
• However, they chose obedience to God rather than humans anyway.
• Later, Peter reminds the believers to not be surprised (ie to see as normal) when fiery trials come upon believers (1 Peter 4:12).

There seemed to be some disagreement about appropriate risk in several incidents in the early church. For example:

• In Ephesus, Paul wanted to appear before the crowd, despite the obviously dangerous uproar going on.
• Some, including the disciples and Paul’s friends, tried to talk him out of it (Acts 19:30-31).
• In the end, it does not appear that it was necessary for Paul to address the crowd.
• However, it is clear that there was disagreement among well-intentioned believers on what was and what was not appropriate risk.

Just a chapter later in Acts 20, Paul resolutely heads towards Jerusalem. He knows that prison and hardship await him there, but he considers this a cost worth paying in light of completing the task that the Lord had given him (Acts 20:22-24). His decision caused the believers to weep, to embrace him, and even to grieve (Acts 20: 37-38). After Paul began his journey towards Jerusalem, he then received a prophetic word from Agabus. Agabus prophesied that Paul would be bound and handed over to the Gentiles (Acts 21:11).

Interestingly, Agabus does not finish his prophetic word by urging Paul not to go to Jerusalem. In fact, from the text, we know that none of what Agabus is saying is new revelation to Paul. However, when the people heard this, they begged Paul not to go to Jerusalem (Acts 21:12). The people seemed to draw the conclusion that danger meant that Paul should not go, but this is not what Paul had concluded from the exact same prophetic word. In fact, Paul told the people that they were breaking his heart with their weeping and that he refused to be dissuaded by them (Acts 21:12-14). Paul knew the danger and felt that he was supposed to go to Jerusalem anyway.

Risk assessment: Courageous conversations and courageous acts

Sometimes I wonder what that same scene would look like if it had taken place in my church or in my missions agency? It is clear from the text that sincere believers did not understand or embrace risk at the same level. I wonder if my church or agency would conclude that Paul had made a mistake when he eventually did get arrested. Would we lament the ‘loss of a great leader’?

I often wonder if we would simply call him ‘stupid’ and shrug our shoulders when he did finally give his life in Jerusalem, knowing that Paul had been warned over and over again. I wonder if we would have refused to send him at all, and maybe even been disobedient to God’s plan for him to suffer for the name of Jesus.

How can missions agencies and local churches respond to risk? If the church simply adopts the attitude that no risk is acceptable, this denies the example of Christ and the apostles. However, simply running headlong into risk and danger without doing what we can humanly do is not honouring to God either. The process outlined below fulfills wisdom and avoids foolishness as defined in Proverbs 14:16—’The wise are cautious and avoid danger; fools plunge ahead with reckless confidence’:

1. Pray and have courageous conversations with headquarters staffs, agency boards, and among local churches. Talk about the issue honestly, openly, and without condemnation on either side. Study the Bible together and seek the wisdom of the Holy Spirit. Start the conversation with the local missions committee initially, but the conversations should include the entire church in time. Every level of sending should be bathing the entire mission in prayer: the local church, the agency, the board of the agency, the family (including the parents and grandparents), and the sending team of the missionary. There might be some sleepless nights and some tears as the Lord begins to speak his will. Expect disagreement, but work through the disagreement with prayer and discernment. Firm up your theologies of suffering, risk, and relating to authorities.
2. Consult with the experts, including lawyers, security personnel, counseling groups, local workers, etc. Listen to their advice and begin to prepare. There are many good groups in missions today that can help with this. You will most likely not have all the experts you need in your agency or in your local church. Consult the experts, but keep in mind that missionary decisions might be different from the decisions made by NGOs or government officials.
3. Assess risk soberly with those volunteering for mission service in risky places. Follow a simple method of thinking through all the possible things that could go wrong and the potential consequences of each of them. Make as broad a list as you can conceive. Do this with the agency headquarters staff and sending team as well as each group that will have different levels of responsibility in the mission. (Do not forget the extended family of the missionary, ie the ones who are not going but are sending their family members into risk.)
4. Mitigate risks as much as you feel like you can without compromising the mission. Keep in mind that missionaries cannot hide behind compound walls or always have a huge security detail with them. Sometimes just planning respites is the simplest way to decrease the chance of burnout for your families in high-risk situations. So, do not overlook mitigations such as rest, sleep, fun, and vacation.
5. Equip the mission. Train your people and raise the funds to do what can reasonably and necessarily be done to accomplish the mission and protect your missionaries. Agencies and local churches together should create emergency funds and contingency plans to deal with: emergency evacuations, special training, special counseling, vacation times, rest times, repatriation of remains, media responses, etc. Your emergency funds will be in at least the tens of thousands of dollars, if not more.

These are not easy decisions or discussions. However, they are necessary and honouring to God and to the peoples of the world who have not yet had a chance to hear about Jesus. Decisions to embrace risk involve loving others more than we love ourselves. They are not decisions to be made lightly or flippantly, but increasingly agencies and local churches will be choosing to send their loved ones into danger for the sake of the gospel. Let us do it with wisdom and boldness for the glory of Jesus Christ.